HTTP协议
HTTP,超文本传输协议(HTTP,HyperText Transfer Protocol)是互联网上应用最为广泛的一种网络协议。所有的WWW文件都必须遵守这个标准。设计HTTP最初的目的是为了提供一种发布和接收HTML页面的方法,HTTP是一种基于”请求与响应”模式的、无状态的应用层协议。HTTP协议采用URL作为定位网络资源的的标识符。
http://host[:post][path]
host
:合法的Internet主机域名或ip地址
port
:端口号,缺省为80
path
:请求资源的路径
HTTP URl的理解:
url是通过HTTP协议存取资源的的Internet路径,一个URL对应一个数据资源
HTTP协议对资源的操作
方法 | 说明 |
---|---|
GET | 请求获取URL位置的资源 |
HEAD | 请求获取URL位置资源的响应消息报告,即获得资源的头部信息 |
POST | 请求向URL位置的资源后附加新的消息 |
PUT | 请求向URL位置存储一个资源,覆盖原URL位置的资源 |
PATCH | 请求局部更新URL位置的资源,即改变该处资源的部分内容 |
DELETE | 请求删除URL位置存储的资源 |
以上方法中,GET
,HEAD
是从服务器获取信息到本地,PUT
,POST
,PATCH
,DELETE
是从本地向服务器提交信息。通过URL和命令管理资源,操作独立无状态,网络通道及服务器成了黑盒子。
安装
pip install requests
requests库安装小测
import request
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
r = requests.get(url)
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
print(r.text[-200:])
Out[13]: 'w.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</ a> < a href= >意见反馈</ a> 京ICP证030173号 < img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p > </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>\r\n'
requests库7个主要方法
方法 | 说明 |
---|---|
requsts.requst() | 构造一个请求,最基本的方法,是下面方法的支撑 |
requsts.get() | 获取网页,对应HTTP中的GET方法 |
requsts.post() | 向网页提交信息,对应HTTP中的POST方法 |
requsts.head() | 获取html网页的头信息,对应HTTP中的HEAD方法 |
requsts.put() | 向html提交put方法,对应HTTP中的PUT方法 |
requsts.patch() | 向html网页提交局部请求修改的的请求,对应HTTP中的PATCH方法 |
requsts.delete() | 向html提交删除请求,对应HTTP中的DELETE方法 |
requests.get()
r = requests.get(url)
r
:是一个Response
对象,一个包含服务器资源的对象
.get(url)
:是一个Request
对象,构造一个向服务器请求资源的Request。
In [4]: type(requests.get(url))
Out[4]: requests.models.Response
下面看一下源码:
def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs) #返回一个request对象
# request对象,另外,method参数就是修改http方法
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
with sessions.Session() as session:
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
....
# session的reqeust方法
def request(self, method, url,
params=None,
data=None,
headers=None,
cookies=None,
files=None,
auth=None,
timeout=None,
allow_redirects=True,
proxies=None,
hooks=None,
stream=None,
verify=None,
cert=None,
json=None):
# 构造一个Request对象.
req = Request(
method = method.upper(),
url = url,
headers = headers,
files = files,
data = data or {},
json = json,
params = params or {},
auth = auth,
cookies = cookies,
hooks = hooks,
)
prep = self.prepare_request(req)
proxies = proxies or {}
settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
)
# Send the request.
send_kwargs = {
'timeout': timeout,
'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
}
send_kwargs.update(settings)
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
return resp
get方法参数
request.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)
从上面的源码也可以知道,解释一下参数含义
url
: 获取html的网页的url
params
:url中的额外的参数,字典或字节流格式,可选
**kwargs
: 12个控制访问的参数
Requests中两个重要的对象
r = requests.get(url)
r
:是一个Response
对象,一个包含服务器资源的对象,Request对象包含爬虫返回的内容。
.get(url)
:是一个Request
对象,构造一个向服务器请求资源的Request。
x下面用例子看一下,返回的对象包含的内容
In [5]: type(r) #打印类型
Out[5]: requests.models.Response
In [6]: dir(r) #显示具有的属性和方法
Out[6]:
['__attrs__',
'__bool__',
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dict__',
'__dir__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__ge__',
'__getattribute__',
'__getstate__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__iter__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__module__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__nonzero__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__setattr__',
'__setstate__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__',
'_content',
'_content_consumed',
'apparent_encoding',
'close',
'connection',
'content',
'cookies',
'elapsed',
'encoding',
'headers',
'history',
'is_permanent_redirect',
'is_redirect',
'iter_content',
'iter_lines',
'json',
'links',
'ok',
'raise_for_status',
'raw',
'reason',
'request',
'status_code',
'text',
'url']
列出几个重要的属性:
属性 | 说明 |
---|---|
r.status_code | HTTP请求返回状态码,200表示成功 |
r.text | HTTP响应的字符串形式,即,url对应的页面内容 |
r.encoding | 从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容的编码方式 |
r.apparent_encoding | 从内容中分析响应内容的编码方式(备选编码方式) |
r.content | HTTP响应内容的二进制形式 |
理解Response编码
r.encoding
:如果header中不存在charset,则认为编码是ISO-8859-1,r.text
根据r.encoding
显示网页内容
r.apparent_encoding
:根据网页内容分析处的编码方式可以看做是r.encoding
的备选
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
# 获取响应状态码
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
# 获取响应头信息
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
# 获取响应头中的cookies
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
# 获取访问的url
print(type(response.url),response.url)
# 获取访问的历史记录
print(type(response.history),response.history)
理解requests库的异常
网络链接有风险,异常处理很重要
异常 | 说明 |
---|---|
requests.ConnectionError | 网络连接异常,如DNS查询失败,拒绝连接等 |
requests.HTTPError | HTTP错误异常 |
requests.URLRequired | URL缺失异常 |
requests.TooManyRedirects | 超过最大重定向次数,产生重定向异常 |
requests.ConnectTimeout | 连接远程服务器超时异常 |
requests.Timeout | 请求URL超时,产生超时异常 |
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
# 超时异常
print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
# 连接异常
print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
# 请求异常
print('Error')
理解Response的异常
r.raise_for_status()
如果status_code
不是200,产生异常requests.HTTPError
r.raise_for_status()方法内部判断r.status_code是否等于200不需要增加额外的if语句,该语句便于利用try-except进行异常处理。
raise_for_status
源码
def raise_for_status(self):
"""Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
http_error_msg = ''
if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
# We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
# choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
# isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
# encodings. (See PR #3538)
try:
reason = self.reason.decode('utf-8')
except UnicodeDecodeError:
reason = self.reason.decode('iso-8859-1')
else:
reason = self.reason
if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
http_error_msg = u'%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)
elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
http_error_msg = u'%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)
if http_error_msg:
raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests内置的状态字符
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from .structures import LookupDict
_codes = {
# Informational.
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
}
codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
for code, titles in _codes.items():
for title in titles:
setattr(codes, title, code)
if not title.startswith('\\'):
setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
以上的方法特别好,可以借鉴使用在自己项目中进行数据映射转换。
reqeust.codes
可以使用属性方式去访问。如:
print(requests.codes.ok)
200
print(requests.codes.unordered_collection)
425
type(requests.codes.not_extended)
Out[15]: int
print(requests.codes.not_extended)
510
爬取网页的通用代码框架
# coding: utf8
import requests
def get_html(url, params):
try:
r = requests.get(url, params)
r.raise_for_status()
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
return r.text
except:
return "raise exception"
if __name__ == "__main__":
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
print(get_html(url))
Requests库中的head()方法
Requests库中的post()方法
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": { #post提交的data是一个字典的
"key1": "youdi", # 就会格式化成一个form
"king": "youdi",
"value": "the one"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "35",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.240.20.24",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
{
"args": {},
"data": "ABCDEFG", # post提交的data是字符串 ,编码为data
"files": {},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "7",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.240.20.24",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
Requests库中的put()方法
requests库主要方法解析
requests.request(method, url, **kwagrs)
- method: 请求方式,对应get/put/post等7种方法
- url: 获取页面的url链接
- **kwargs: 控制访问的参数,共有13个
method
:请求方式
r = requests.request(method='GET', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='HEAD', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.head(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.post(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PUT', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.put(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PATCH', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.patch(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='DELETE', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='OPTIONS', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.options(url, **kwargs)
说明
:上面的方法和下面的方法达到的效果是一样的,就是做了一层封装,把比较常用的方法都抽出来,python中很多库都是这样做的。典型的就是matplotlib中模仿matlab使用最简单的method绘制目标图。这个内容后面会更新给大家。
**kwargs
:控制访问的参数,均为可选项
- params: 字典或字节序列,作为参数增加到url中
- data:字典,字节序列或文件对象,作为Request的内容
- json: JSON格式的数据,作为Request的内容
- headers: 字典, HTTP定制头
- cookie: 字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie
- auth: 元祖,支持HTTP认证功能
- files: 字典类型,传输文件
- timeout: 设定超时时间,秒为单位
- proxies: 字典类型,设定访问代理服务器,可以增加登录认证
- allow_redirects: True/False,默认为True,重定向开关
stream: True/False,默认为True,获取内容立即下载开关
verity: True/False默认Ture,认证ssl证书开关
cert: 本地ssl证书路径
下面逐一介绍
params
字典或字节序列,作为参数增加到url中
In [36]: payload
Out[36]: {'key1': 'one', 'key2': 'two'}
In [37]: r = requests.request('GET', 'http://python123.io/ws', params=payload)
In [38]: print(r.url)
http://python123.io/ws?key1=one&key2=two
data
字典,字节序列或文件对象,作为Request的内容
import requests
payload = {'key1':'one', 'key2':'two'}
url = 'http://httpbin.org/put'
r = requests.put(url=url, data=payload)
# or
r = requests.put(url=url, data='ABCDEFG') #字符串
json
JSON格式的数据,作为Request的内容
In [48]: kv = {'name': 'youdi', 'role': 'king', 'rank': 'the one'}
In [49]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
In [50]: r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, json=kv)
In [51]: print(r.text)
{
"args": {},
"data": "{\"role\": \"king\", \"rank\": \"the one\", \"name\": \"youdi\"}", #json格式,其实就是字符串
"files": {},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "52",
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
},
"json": {
"name": "youdi",
"rank": "the one",
"role": "king"
},
"origin": "183.60.175.16",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
headers
字典, HTTP定制头部信息,隐藏爬虫信息,模拟浏览器的头部信息
In [58]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
In [59]: r = requests.request('POST', url)
# 头部信息
In [69]: r.request.headers
# 观察User-Agent
Out[69]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.13.0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}
#加入headers后
In [62]: headers = { # 浏览器代理
...: "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ch
...: rome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
...: }
In [63]: r = requests.request('POST', url, headers=headers)
In [71]: r.request.headers
Out[71]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}
cookie
字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie
#先获取百度的cookie
In [74]: r = requests.request('GET', 'https://www.baidu.com')
In [75]: r
Out[75]: <Response [200]>
# 保存在变量中
In [76]: cookie = r.cookies
# cookie类型
In [86]: type(cookie)
Out[86]: requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar
In [77]: r_baidu = requests.request('POST', 'https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=old&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2', cookie=cookie)
# https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=test&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2 中 wd修改关键词 就是提交给百度进行搜索的内容
auth
元祖,支持HTTP认证功能
import requests
# 最简单的http验证
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'user'))
# r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=('user', 'user'))
print(r.status_code)
files
字典类型,传输文件
fs = {file: open('data.xls', 'rb')}
# 使用files参数就可以了
r = requests.request('POST','http://httpbin.org/post',files=fs)
timesout
设定超时时间,秒为单位
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
# 设置必须在500ms内收到响应,不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
proxies
字典类型,设定访问代理服务器,可以增加登录认证
import requests
#普通代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:1080",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:1080",
}
# 往请求中设置代理(proxies)
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)
# 带有用户名和密码的代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
}
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)
# 设置socks代理,翻墙必备
proxies = {
'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080',
'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'
}
r = requests.get("https://www.google.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)
allow_redirects
True/False,默认为True,重定向开关
r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get',allow_redirects=False)
stream
True/False,默认为True,获取内容立即下载开关
r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get/**.txt',stream=False)
verity
True/False默认Ture,认证ssl证书开关
# 无证书访问
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
# 在请求https时,request会进行证书的验证,如果验证失败则会抛出异常
print(r.status_code)
# 关闭验证,但是仍然会报出证书警告
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)
# 消除关闭证书验证的警告
from requests.packages import urllib3
# 关闭警告
urllib3.disable_warnings()
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)
cert
本地ssl证书路径
# 设置本地证书
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/home/youdi/Download/**.crt', '/hone/youdi/.ssh/**.key'))
print(r.status_code)